Homeostasis Is a Central Theme In Animal Physiology Essay Example

Homeostasis Is a Central Theme In Animal Physiology Essay Homeostasis is the name given to the process that allows optimum conditions to be regulated in the body. This regulation of the internal environment must be independent of external environmental constraints. In humans this process is controlled by almost all of the bodily systems but mainly by the endocrine, respiratory and renal systems. Homeostasis therefore allows an organism to live in habitats that are not ideally suited to the internal environment, because, only in favourable conditions will the organism thrive. This allows the organism to in an environment not best suited to its internal functioning but in conditions which may be favourable for foraging etc. a prime example are fish, a fresh water fish lives in an environment which in definition is more dilute than within its internal environment, sea water fish on the other hand live in a environment where its surroundings are more alkali than its internal environment. The need for homeostasis can be traced to the cellular level, as cells interact with their immediate environment (either via cellular communication, signal proteins, expulsion of ion, and uptake of ions). We will write a custom essay sample on Homeostasis Is a Central Theme In Animal Physiology specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Homeostasis Is a Central Theme In Animal Physiology specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Homeostasis Is a Central Theme In Animal Physiology specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer It is this communication, which ultimately leads to a change in the external environment. Right to the organ level or tissue organisation were for example the expulsion of urea changes the blood pH and osmolarity. These internal changes are countered by the excretion of hormones etc, (these substances share 4 main structural forms. Amines, steroids, prostaglandin and peptides) which start a chain reaction to nullify the change these hormones are either secreted via ducts (exocrine system) or directly into the blood stream, (endocrine system). Homeostasis therefore is controlled by many systems, and although complex, many multi organ physiological mechanisms help regulate in many ways. However the theory of an internal environment wasnt recognised until a French physiologist Claude Bernard in 1872 put forward the idea of a constant internal environment stating, 1Constancy of the internal environment is the condition of free life. It is however important to remember that the regulation of an internal environment does not only concern body temperature but also such things as blood pH [H+], Blood glucose concentration, osmotic potential etc. All of these systems must be regulated in some how to maintain this internal environment, this regulatory system relies on a feedback system, which can be illustrated in a simple diagram (figure 1. 1). Figure 1. 1 clearly shows the system of negative feedback this is where in essence an off signal (in one of the structural forms mentioned). Is sent from the hypothalamus to stop the process and therefore retain a homeostatic condition. This feedback system allows homeostasis to be regulated almost automatically. This negative feedback however can sometimes go wrong. A prime and well-documented case of this is diabetes. When blood glucose levels increase above a threshold limit the endocrine system (stimulated via the hypothalamus) activates the pancreas, this then secretes a hormone called insulin which this accelerates the uptake of blood glucose into storage molecules of glycogen (especially in the liver) and fat molecules. However if this uptake of sugar is not regulated enough then absorption of sugar will continue and the blood glucose level drops the result is glaucoma and ultimately death. This leads to the conclusion that glaucoma is the result of a breakdown in the homeostatic system and therefore a breakdown of blood glucose regulation. Homeostasis however is not only controlled by the hypothalamus, hormones which are produced by the hypothalamus to regulate homeostasis, are regulated by neurohormones, which are secreted by specialised nerve cells called neurosecretory cells. These cells which are found in the hypothalamus. These regulate the secretion of various glandular hormones from the non-neural anterior pituitary gland. These neurohormones are different to the hormones secreted by the hypothalamus as they target direct tissues (with relation to hormone structure and function). These specific neurosecretory cells are located in the anterior hypothalamus, these also demonstrate the diversity found within an organ, which allows this process to be self regulated. But homeostasis is not only regulated by internal bodily systems but also external structural/environmental conditions, an example environmental control is that of heat transference, As all metabolic reactions produce heat sometimes this heat would build up in the body, this would have devastating consequences on bodily functions such as the functioning of enzymes as after a certain temperature these become permanently de natured and unable to function, So when the body over heats, the hypothalamus sends a signal to the sweat glands which are located in the epidermal layer of the skin to produce sweat. This sweat then evaporates taking the heat energy with it. Therefore reducing the body temperature and maintaining homeostasis, the skeletal structure is an example of a structural way of controlling homeostasis. This is mainly due to the composition of skeletal bone. As skeletal bone is comprised mainly of calcium this can act as a calcium reserve. there are times in the homeostatic cycle when this calcium needs to be metabolised from bone tissue for use by other systems, e. . Calcium is very important for normal muscle functioning, therefore calcium ion concentration must be kept at a correct level in the surrounding blood and tissue fluids, the consequences of a breakdown in this regulation would lead to changes in the calcium ion concentration leading to a compromise in muscle activity, it is in this way that the skeletal system helps regulate homeostasis. The conclusion of this is that homeostasis is essential to a living organism and is in essence self regulated by a complex system of feedback loops regulated by many organ systems however these regulatory systems sometimes go wrong and need external assistance be this injecting hormones, taking advantage of environmental conditions, i. e. basking in the sun (lizards), panting (dogs, etc).

Words to Describe Degrees of Religiosity

Words to Describe Degrees of Religiosity Words to Describe Degrees of Religiosity Words to Describe Degrees of Religiosity By Maeve Maddox With the topic of religion so much in the air, writers may have use for adjectives to describe various degrees of religious feeling and behavior. The following words have other meanings, but here the focus is on their use to describe people. religious dedicated to religious practice; observant practitioner of a particular religion. The word derives from Latin, possibly the verb religare, to tie back. The word may carry negative connotations for individuals, (Bill Maher, for example), but in general it is a good all-purpose word, in itself neither positive nor negative. pious in earlier writers, pious was used in a positive sense of loyalty to religion, family, and those things for which a person might be expected to feel reverence. Current usage tends to tinge the word with hypocrisy. Ex. His pious remarks about family values concealed the fact that he was sleeping with his neighbors wife. godly pleasing to God. One speaks of a godly person or a godly life. The negative, ungodly, is often used as a term of contempt by religious people to describe anything contrary to their beliefs. fervent derives from a Latin word meaning to boil or to be very hot. A fervent person is one that feels very intensely about a subject. The subject does not need to be religious in nature. One can be a fervent Catholic, or a fervent environmentalist. Or both. zealous This adjective derives from the noun Zealot. The Zealots were members of the sect that worked to drive the Romans out of Palestine during the First Century. They were fanatics who resorted to assassination and other acts of terrorism that eventually resulted in the destruction of the Temple and the expulsion of the Jews from Jerusalem. Zealous, therefore, can carry the sense of intense fanaticism that will stop at nothing to promote its cause. devout from the verb devote, to set apart. The word connotes a sense of consecration. A devout person practices religion from genuine feeling of reverence for the object of worship. sanctimonious Until the 1800s, this word had a positive connotation. It derives from the Latin word for holy. A sanctimonious life could be one that reflects good deeds and devout religious observance. In current usage, however, sanctimonious carries the sense of hypocrisy. Indeed, a common expression is sanctimonious hypocrite. A sanctimonious person is like the Pharisee who prays and gives alms in public so that everyone can admire him for it. A sanctimonious person is always reminding people of their shortcomings. fanatic This word, which also gives us the word fan as in movie fan, comes from Latin fanaticus which had a religious sense. A fanum was a temple where sometimes very wild manifestations of devotion took place. For example, worshippers inspired to a frenzy by the god might cut themselves. A fanatic therefore, is out of control, at least as regards a particular subject. Winston Churchill defined a fanatic as someone who cant change his mind and wont change the subject. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Idioms About NumbersHang, Hung, Hangedâ€Å"Least,† â€Å"Less,† â€Å"More,† and â€Å"Most†

Exercise & Activitiy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Exercise & Activitiy - Assignment Example After classes, I played basketball for one hour before taking a walk for another mile. I also used a skipping rope and did aerobic dancing for one hour each. I appreciate the importance of physical activities because I have successfully managed to keep obesity at bay, something that other people have not been able to. I need to keep myself as fit as possible, therefore, I use all available opportunities to exercise myself. I also found time to assist my parents with household chores and this has made them to be proud of me. Today, my meals were almost similar to yesterday. However, there was some difference today because I needed to balance the nutrients out. I had little vitamins yesterday, so today I endeavored to compensate for the short today. My lunch today included some cucumbers and okra. I also took two oranges and three sweet bananas. However, this increased my calorie intake. Consequently, I had to do more physical exercises today. After classes, I went swimming for a whole hour, expending more than 400 calories. This was in addition to playing basketball and doing aerobics. I also watched TV in the evening, and afterwards assisted my mother to wash the utensils after dinner. We chatted for half an hour before retiring to bed. I also learnt that God intends us to keep our bodies healthy. Our bodies are the temples of God. Even as I endeavor to keep obesity at bay, I also need to put God into consideration. I, therefore, have to maintain positive behavior that promotes good health. I have learnt to appreciate and respect my body, keeping in mind that it is my greatest and most precious resource. Today, my breakfast consisted of the eggplant, cheese and tomato sauce. I had two servings which equal to about 388 calories. I had tuna casserole with vegetables and mushroom soup for a total of 762 calories (2 cups). For supper, I maintained the mushroom soup, which is a favorite of

Documentary film Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Documentary film - Movie Review Example I thought that Ben Bernanke and Henry Paulson were correct in wanting to prevent institutions such as Behr Sterns, Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and Lehman Brothers from going bankrupt. It appeared that if one financial institution was allowed to fail than a domino effect would begin to occur. In many cases, that did begin to happen when there was a refusal to bail out Lehman Brothers. When Lehman Brothers failed, it froze a lot of money for banks to lend out for short-term loans, which in effect halted a lot of the commerce that occurs within the country on a daily basis. The compromise of preventing Behr Stern from going bankrupt by selling their stock shares off to JP Morgan for $2 per share seemed like an extreme measure initially. However after some thought, it was probably the best option for both the company, the economy and the Federal Reserve. While all parties wanted to avoid adverse effects of Behr Stern going bankrupt, selling off the shares for such a low price definitely sent a message that this type of assistance from the Federal Reserve to fix these types of faulty business practices would come with consequences. There was also a lot of criticism towards the idea of giving capital injections to bail out large institutions, such as giving $80 billion to AIG to prevent them from going bankrupt or covering the $30 billion in toxic assets to Behr Stern. I understand the arguments against the idea, however I do not think that some of the arguments were made on fact and were made more on political principle. For example, many in Congress did not want to support the bill to give money to bail out the financial companies because they felt it went against the idea of free and open markets. While giving money to private companies did go against the idea of a free market economy, there were many experts and evidence showing that a bailout

Human Resources Administration Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Human Resources Administration - Assignment Example The team is also responsible for addressing to the employee grievances, suggestions and administrative challenges. In order for the department to minimize employee strikes and demonstrations, the department needs to open proper channels of communication between the management and employees. The law requires that all employees are entitled to benefits to benefits which include health insurance covers, leave and reasonable salaries. Health insurance covers are particularly important in any job because the employees are exposed to risks. Food servers, for example, may get burnt while carrying the food to the customers incase of spillages. The food Servers deal with different kinds of customers, some may have ill motives causing disturbances in the restaurant resulting to injuries among the employees. Fire outbreaks are common in many restaurants, which normally cause significant loss and damage in terms of property and to the staff. Health covers help the employees gain easy access to medical attention as well as save money. Employers must ensure that they pay their employees well failure to which they face the law. If the employees are not appreciated well through attractive salary package, they will not have the motivation and morale to undertake their duties well. Food servers most of whom leave away from the working station should receive commuter allowance so that they can be at work on time; the organization might not perform well if its employees never report at work on time. The government labor laws require that every employee whether working in government institutions or private companies be awarded leave days. Human resources department should develop a structure which all its staff get off days without interfering with the normal functioning of the organization.

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay IMMUNOLOGY PRATICAL ASSIGNMENT ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY mODULE NAME: Clinical immunology MODULE NUMBER: APS6004 MODULE LEADER: DR JULIA REY-NORES STUDENT NUMBER: 20031761 BSc (H) BMS 3 2014/2015 Introduction The history of immunoassay was developed by Roalyn Yalow and Solomon Berson in 1950 used the Radio-immunoassay (RIA) and they awarded in 1977 Nobel Prize because they developed RIA to detect and measure the level of glucose in the blood for diabetic patient. However, the technology was build up by replacing the radio-isotopes with enzymes to make colour generation that was in 1960. ]1, 2, 3[ More than 40 years, immunoassays use in different places, like laboratory medicine, hospitals and research to improve the health also for many purposes. In addition, immunoassay use in life science research to study the biology system by chase different, hormones, proteins and antibody. However, it use in industry to detect contaminants in food and water. Also, used as quality control to observe specific molecules used through product processing. ]1[ Nowadays, the immunochemistry technology develops assays to try eliminate as many dilution, mixing and measuring. Immunoassays are technique used to detect specific molecule. It’s rely on the ingrained ability of antibody that are bind to the specific structure of molecules. This techniques are quick and accurate it’s depend on the antibody and antigen that found in the blood and tissue fluids. ]1[ There are many type of immunoassays such as radioimmunoassay (RIA), enzyme immunoassay (EIA), fluorescent immunoassay (FIA), and enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA). ]3,5[ In this report file I will focus on ELISA this technique that I used in the laboratory during two weeks to detect the antibody and the antigen. There is different types of ELISA: Direct ELISA Indirect ELISA Sandwich ELISA Competitive ELISA [3] Direct ELISA This method technique depend on the antigen that coated in the surface of plate and the antibody of the patient and conjugated enzyme. ]5[ Figure 1 shows steps of direct ELISA The indirect ELISA The technique used the micro plate coated with antigen. The primary antibody added to react with the antigen that fixed to the plate. Then washed away. Added enzyme conjugated secondary antibody anti-isotope antibody which binds to the primary antibody. After that washed away and added the substrate enzyme to produce the reaction colour that determined the amount of the antibody. ]3,7[ Figure 2 show the steps of the indirect ELISA Sandwich ELISA Sandwich ELISA is the technique that used to detect the antibody or antigen that are present in the patient blood. This technique also called capture method because it detect level of antigen between two layers of antibodies. The antigen to be measure in the technique should contain at least two antigenic epitope capable of binding antibody. Sandwich ELISA has many advantages for example high specificity, flexibility and sensitivity. ]3,8[ Figure 3 shows the steps of sandwich ELISA The aim of practical: To achieve a grid experimental to detect the optimal detection and capture antibody titration, by using monoclonal mouse anti-rabbit IgG and polyclonal goat anti-rabbit IgG antibodies. To determine the concentration of unknown sample X and Y. Materials: Coating buffer: phosphate buffer saline (PBS) Wash buffer: 0.05% Tween 20 ®in PBS, pH 7.4 Diluent: PBS Blocking solution: 1% (w/v) bovine serum albumin (BSA) in PBS Antigen : rabbit IgG Coating antibody: Mouse anti-rabbit IgG monoclonal antibody Detection antibody :Goat anti-rabbit IgG – peroxidase conjugated Colour reagent .tetramethyl benzidine (TMB) Stop solution (1M HCL) 96-well micro plate Adjustable micropipette Practical week 1 Methods: This step was done by the lab technician to make the 96-well plate coated with antigen ready to the students because it’s take long time. Figure 4 show the rabbit IgG antigen serial dilution by using 100 µl coating buffer Monoclonal and polyclonal antibody procedure in tables 1 and 2: Procedure of Monoclonal antibody Procedure of Polyclonal antibody Added 100 µl of diluents of buffer PBS from column 2-6 in the first plate Added 100 µl of buffer PBS from column 8-12 in the second half of the plate Added 200 µl of monoclonal mouse anti-rabbit IgG from A1well to H1 well Added 200 µl of goat anti-rabbit IgG HRP to column 7 transferred 100 µl by doing serial dilution mixed well from column 1 to columns 2 ,3,4,5,6 then discard 100 µl from well 6 Transferred 100 µl by doing serial dilution from column 7 to columns 8,9,10,11,12 then 100 µl discard from colum12 (mixed well) Covered the plate and incubated at room temperature for 30 minutes. Covered the plate and incubated at room temperature for 30 minutes. Washed the plate three times with wash buffer Washed the plate three times with wash buffer Table 1 The final steps 100 µl of goat anti-mouse IgG-HRP was added to columns 1 to 6 200 µl of goat anti-rabbit IgG-HRP was added to columns 7 to 12 The plate was covered and incubated at room temperature for 30 minutes The plate was washed three times with the washing buffer 100 µl of substrate (TMP) was added to all the columns from 1-12 and incubated at room temperature and the plate was observed to check the change of colour to blue colour. After the colour become blue 50 µl of stop reaction 1 M HCL was added to all wells The colour will change to yellow The result was read by spectrophotometer Table 2 Figure 7 shows steps Week one: result Graph 1 shows the results of mouse anti-rabbit IgG monoclonal antibody titration in different dilution Result Graph 2 shows results of goat anti-rabbit IgG HRP labelled antibody in different dilution Practical week 2 Method: Step done by lab technician coated 20 wells overnight with 100 µl/well of the capture antibody (monoclonal mouse anti-rabbit IgG ) and kept ready for use.( sandwich ELISA) Added 200 µl of rabbit IgG to well A1 and A2 Added 100 µl of PBS diluents to wells from B to H in column 1and 2 From A1, 100 µl rabbit IgG was taken and added to B1 then serial dilution take place up to G1 then 100 µl was discarded from G1 100 µl of rabbit IgG was taken from A2 and added to B2 then continued the serial dilution up to G2 then 100 µl from G2 discarded Well H1 and H2 was used as blank Added 100 µl of unknown sample X to wells (A3 and A4) Added 100 µl of unknown sample Y to wells (B3 and B4) Incubated the plate for 30 minutes at room temperature Washed the plate 3 times with washing buffer PBS Added 100 µl of goat anti-rabbit IgG HRP labelled to all 20 wells Incubated the plate for 30 minutes at room temperature Washed the plate 3 times with Buffer BPS Added 100 µl TMB substrate to all 20 wells Incubated the plate and protected from the light until colour develops Added 50 µl stop reaction with (1 M HCL acid) Read absorbance at 450 nm by spectrophotometer The result: Graph 3 shows standard calibration curve of rabbit IgG Graph 4 shows the equation log of concentration rabbit IgG Calculation of samples Table 3 shows the calculation to found the concentration of samples X and Y Discussion From the result that shows in graph one there are six curves of the monoclonal mouse anti-rabbit IgG with different serious dilutions(1:2000, 1:4000, 1:8000, 1:16000, 1:32000, 1:64000). From my result, the dilution 1:2000 is increase fast and it consumption more antibodies which is not recommended. The best dilution is 1:4000 because it gradually increase with less antibodies and this dilution can detect the lowest concentration of antigen and also can be used for more numbers of samples. However, the dilution 1:8000 it increase but is less than dilution 1:4000 it need more antibody, while the dilutions (1:16000, 1:32000, 1:64000) need more antibodies and not detect antigen in low concentration. The graph 2 shows the result of polyclonal antibody and the graph has sex different curves with different serious dilutions ((1:2000, 1:4000, 1:8000, 1:16000, 1:32000, 1:64000) the first dilution 1:2000 increase sharp until concentration of 1000, then decrease slowly up concentration of 2000 so this dilution not recommended due to over opsonisation of antibodies. The second, dilution 1:4000 increased gradually and it need less antibody and can detect the lowest concentration of antigen so it is the optimum for the goat anti-rabbit IgG HRP labelled antibody. Third dilution 1:8000 is increase slow and require more antibody. The last three dilutions, 1:16000, 1:32000, and 1:64000 are not showing significant elevation when increase the concentration and cannot used because it not detect high absorbance of antigen. The graph 3 shows the calibration curve of the known concentration to determine the concentration of two unknown samples X and Y. the graph 4 shows the equation make by log concentration of calibration curve to calculated the concentration of unknown samples. During this practical I learned a lot of important things such as the best technique to choose the dilution of antibody and antigen detection. Also, to compare between the best antibody to detect antigen. There are many factors that affect the result of ELISA like the incubation time should be 1 hour but we reduced to 30 minutes and this not enough for the reaction take place between antibody and antigen, manual washing cause insufficient washing and mixed with other micro plate wells. The pipettes some time not working due to some problem of tips. Conclusion In conclusion, the optimum monoclonal Mouse anti-rabbit IgG antibody concentration is 1/4000, while the optimum polyclonal Goat anti-rabbit IgG HRP labelled antibody concentration is 1/4000, and the concentration of unknown sample( X )is 287ng/ml and unknown of sample (Y) concentration is 41ng/ml. the ELISA is the best technique to detect the reaction between antibody and antigen. Reference 1-Avrameas, S. (2006). Historical Background of the Invention of EIA and ELISA. Clinical Chemistry, 52(7), pp.1430a-1431. 2Tulsidas G, S. (2002). HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY IN LIFE SCIENCES WITH REFERENCE TO IMMUNOASSAY IN MEDICINE. Health and Population, 3(25), pp.140-147. 3- Owen, J. et al. 2009. Immunology by Kuby. 7th ed. New York: W. H Freeman and Company. 4-Immunochemistry.com, (2014). Apoptosis, Caspases, Assay Development, ELISA Buffers, ELISA Detection. [online] Available at: http://www.immunochemistry.com [Accessed 26 Nov. 2014]. 5-Accelero-bioanalytics.com, (2014). Home Accelero ® Bioanalytics GmbH. [online] Available at: http://www.accelero-bioanalytics.com [Accessed 27 Nov. 2014] 6-Wieslab.com, (2014). Wieslab Laboratory Services Home. [online] Available at: http://www.wieslab.com [Accessed 27 Nov. 2014]. 7-Pharmatutor.org, (2014). Articles | PharmaTutor. [online] Available at: http://www.pharmatutor.org/articles [Accessed 27 Nov. 2014]. 8-Elisa-antibody.com, (2014). ELISA Antibody, protocol and troubleshooting. [online] Available at: http://www.elisa-antibody.com [Accessed 27 Nov. 2014]. Appendix Result week one practical 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 2.1104 2.1292 1.9613 1.6637 1.3974 1.2574 3.2528 1.8449 0.9561 0.4939 0.2465 0.1338 1.8208 1.5499 1.4053 1.5323 1.0412 0.7042 3.4643 1.5967 0.8303 0.4028 0.2565 0.1613 1.4231 1.3054 0.5794 0.9972 0.8248 0.6163 2.8907 1.313 0.6298 0.3189 0.1761 0.1112 1.0608 0.9475 0.8302 0.6554 0.5236 0.3168 2.2198 1.065 0.5392 0.2867 0.1652 0.1013 0.7257 0.7008 0.6846 0.6725 0.5747 0.5967 1.6108 0.7602 0.6945 0.3432 0.1921 0.1128 0.513 0.4868 0.4624 0.3917 0.4104 0.3967 0.9931 0.5756 0.3218 0.17 0.1043 0.1606 0.3335 0.3444 0.3188 0.3414 0.3042 0.2611 0.6909 0.3377 0.1896 0.1087 0.0786 0.0585 0.0797 0.0856 0.0774 0.0677 0.0772 0.0886 0.1005 0.0566 0.0459 0.0473 0.0498 0.0589 Table 1 shows the result of the absorbance of monoclonal antibody and polyclonal antibody concentration 1/2000 1/4000 1/8000 1/16000 1/32000 1/64000 2000 2.0307 2.0436 1.8839 1.596 1.3202 1.1688 1000 1.7411 1.4643 1.3279 1.4646 0.964 0.6156 500 1.3434 1.2198 0.502 0.9295 0.7476 0.5277 250 0.9811 0.8619 0.7528 0.5877 0.4464 0.2282 125 0.646 0.6152 0.6072 0.6048 0.4975 0.5081 62 0.4333 0.4012 0.385 0.324 0.3332 0.3081 31 0.2538 0.2588 0.2414 0.2737 0.227 0.1725 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Table 2 the results of the absorbance of monoclonal antibody after subscription of the absorbance from blank concentration 1/2000 1/4000 1/8000 1/16000 1/32000 1/64000 2000 3.1523 1.7883 0.9102 0.4466 0.1967 0.0749 1000 3.3638 1.5401 0.7844 0.3555 0.2067 0.1024 500 2.7902 1.2564 0.5839 0.2716 0.1263 0.0523 250 2.1193 1.0084 0.4933 0.2394 0.1154 0.0424 125 1.5103 0.7036 0.6486 0.2959 0.1423 0.0539 62 0.8926 0.519 0.2759 0.1227 0.0545 0.1017 31 0.5904 0.2811 0.1437 0.0614 0.0288 -0.0004 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Table 3 shows the results of polyclonal antibody after subscription of blank Result of week 2 practical 1 2 3 4 A 0.6084 0.5426 0.4306 0.419 B 0.5699 0.4589 0.2425 0.2505 C 0.5602 0.4504 D 0.5085 0.4093 E 0.4238 0.3164 F 0.3004 0.2355 G 0.1997 0.1794 H 0.1242 0.1093 Table 4 shows the result of rabbit IgG absorbance and two unknown sample Concentration IgG (ng/ml) 1 2 mean mean- blank sample sample mean mean- blank 2000 0.6084 0.5426 0.5755 0.45875 X=0.4306 X=0.419 0.4248 0.308 1000 0.5699 0.4589 0.5144 0.39765 Y=0.2425 Y=0.2505 0.2465 0.1297 500 0.5602 0.4504 0.5053 0.38855 250 0.5085 0.4093 0.4589 0.34215 125 0.4238 0.3164 0.3701 0.25335 62 0.3004 0.2355 0.26795 0.1512 31 0.1997 0.1794 0.18955 0.0728 0 0.1242 0.1093 0.11675 0 Table 5 shows the steps of rabbit IgG and two unknown sample, mean then subscription of blank to make calibration curve and equation to get the concentration of sample X and X Abbreviation RIA Radioimmunoassay EIA Enzyme immunoassay FIA Fluorescent immunoassay ELISA Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay PBS Phosphate buffer saline BSA Bovine serum albumin TMB Tetramethyl benzidine HRP Horseradish peroxidase 1M HCL 1 molar of Hydrochloric acid Log Logarithm Y Absorbance IgG immunoglobulin G X Concentration Result ignore

Comparing The Perfect Family, The Sanctuary of School, Dog Lab, and Education :: Comparison Compare Contrast Essays

Comparing The Perfect Family, by Alice Hoffman, The Sanctuary of School, by Lynda Barry, Dog Lab, by Claire McCarthy, and Education by Jake Werner What we learn at home, at school, from our peers, and from entertainment can have great effects throughout our whole entire lives. There is no such thing as a perfect family, human being, or society, yet we are able to live our lives with the enjoyment of peace and harmony. What we see on television may simulate a perfect family, but, of course, not everything we wish to see is true. Not everyone can have the lives that everyone wants. In reading the essays "The Perfect Family" by Alice Hoffman, "The Sanctuary of School" by Lynda Barry, "Dog Lab" by Claire McCarthy, and "Education" by Jake Werner a realization occurred. These authors came down with comparable results. Two authors have similar styles of writing while the others had a contrasting style.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "The Perfect Family" by Alice Hoffman was about how she was faced with the adversity of being raised in a single parent family. She never gave up on believing her mom and herself, which is the reason who she is today. Alice Hoffman had a straight-forward strategy in writing her essay. In her style of writing, she included many details in describing her childhood history. It was from the introductory paragraph where I figured that this story was going to be descriptive in the sense of trying to constrain us by sympathizing with her and other families. In addition, she gave images such as "Roses grew by the front door...We had glass bottles filled with lightning bugs and brand-new swing sets in the backyard, and softball games at dusk."(pg --) Using this type of technique in writing her essay gave a clearer understanding of what she is trying to do. She was setting the table. Also, she gave a brief history of how marriages ar e supposed to be, how divorces are uncommon during that time, and the type of jobs a wife should be committed to. This technique was useful in her essay because if she did not include that history, maybe the reader would not understand the point of writing this essay, or may be confused on what is going on. A historical background can help greatly in helping the reader understand what is going on and can answer some questions to why this essay is being written.

Course Syllabus Essay

Course Description This course examines the history and issues of federal- and state-level crime control initiatives and explores the development of effective anticrime policies. The analysis of contemporary crime control policies is included. Policies Faculty and students/learners will be held responsible for understanding and adhering to all policies contained within the following two documents: University policies: You must be logged into the student website to view this document. Instructor policies: This document is posted in the Course Materials forum. University policies are subject to change. Be sure to read the policies at the beginning of each class. Policies may be slightly different depending on the modality in which you attend class. If you have recently changed modalities, read the policies governing your current class modality. Course Materials Marion, N. E., & Oliver, W. M. (2006). The public policy of crime and criminal justice. Upper Saddle River, NJ. Pearson/Prentice Hall. Dunn, W. N. (2008). Public policy analysis: An introduction (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ. Pearson/Prentice Hall. All electronic materials are available on the student website. Week One: Public Policy Foundations and Views in Criminal Justice Details Due Points Objectives 1.1 Evaluate the role of the United States constitution in relationship to the development of contemporary criminal justice policy. 1.2 Differentiate between the roles of federal and state government in the development and implementation of criminal justice policy. 1.3 Distinguish between legislatively based policy and administrative regulatory policy as they relate to crime and criminal justice. 1.4 Compare and contrast the rights of the accused with the policy mission of protecting the public from criminal behavior. 1.5 Differentiate between factors that affect criminal justice policy making. Readings Read this week’s Read Me First. Read Ch. 1–3 of The Public Policy of Crime and Criminal Justice. Read Ch. 1 of Public Policy Analysis – An Introduction. Read this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings. Read the following documents on the student web page. Learning Team Toolkit Toolkit Essentials Why Learning Teams? Team Basics Getting Started Getting to Results Project Planning Decisions/Conflict Resolution Team Learning Read this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings. 5-13-14 Prior to 6pm Participation Participate in class discussion. 5-13-14 in class 4 Discussion Questions Respond to weekly discussion questions (Listed at the end of the syllabus). n/a n/a Learning Team Instructions Select Learning Team members who will work together throughout the course. Create a Learning Team Log and a Learning Team Charter. (these must be submitted to the learning team forum no later than 5-20-14 prior to Week 2 class). Review this week’s objectives and those for week two. Review the Learning Team Assignment for week two and begin to outline your first assignment. 5-13-14 in class LTL and LTC 5-20-14 by 6pm Individual Policy Analysis I Paper Choose a current federal, state, or local issue that directly affects public policy pertaining to the criminal justice system. For example: sentencing guidelines, prison overcrowding, medical marijuana, immigration, or police discretion. Prepare a 700-1050-word paper in which you analyze the issue and related policy. Be sure to address to following points in your analysis (see the rubric in the instructor policy document for point distribution and requirements). Be prepared to discuss you paper in class. Describe the issue. Is this policy a regulatory or legislative-initiated policy? Who initiated the issue or policy Is there a constitutional issue How will the issue or policy affect the community, the accused, and the victims Cite your references properly consistent with APA guidelines. A certificate of originality should be submitted with your paper. Please name the paper with your full last name followed by â€Å"week1†: 5-13-14 by 6pm 10 Week Two: Policy Differences in Approach for Policing, Judicial Action, and Correctional Practices Details Due Points Objectives 2 2.1 Differentiate between policy perspectives among the police, courts, and corrections at the federal and state level. 2.2 Analyze the historical evolution of criminal justice policy relating to policing, the courts, and corrections over the past 50 years. 2.3 Identify opportunities for cooperation between elements of the criminal justice system in the implementation of criminal justice policy. Readings Read this week’s Read Me First. Read Ch. 10–12 of The Public Policy of Crime and Criminal Justice. Read this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings. 5-20-14 by 6pm Participation Participate in class discussion. 5-20-14 in class 4 Discussion Questions Respond to weekly discussion questions (Listed at the end of the syllabus). n/a n/a Nongraded Activities and Preparation Familiarize yourself with the following websites: http://www.crimelibrary.com/ http://www.crimetheory.com/ 5-20-14 by 6pm Learning Team Instructions Review this week’s objectives and discuss additional insights and questions that may have arisen. Submit the Learning Team Log and the Learning Team Charter. Prepare the Learning Team Log. Review the Learning Team Assignment: Historical Policy Comparison. 5-20-14 by 6pm Individual Federal vs. State Policy Comparison Prepare a 1,050-1,750 – word paper in which you compare and contrast the differences and similarities of federal and state government as it pertains to their role in the implementation of criminal justice policies. Be prepared to make a 3-5 minute presentation on your paper in class. You may take one of two approaches. You may identify a single policy/issue and discuss how the state vs. federal government addressed it, for example: states that have legalized marijuana vs. the federal law on marijuana, or Arizona’s immigration laws vs. federal immigration law, or state laws on drug trafficking vs. federal laws on drug trafficking. You must address all aspects of policy development and implementation. Or you may compare and contrast the policy development and implementation process in general, of the state government vs. the federal government. Be sure to address all aspects of policy development and implementation. (See the rubric in the instructor policy document for point distribution and requirements). Identify the criminal justice policy. Identify what roles the state and federal government play in this policy. Identify the similarities and differences. Be sure to address all aspects of policy development and implementation. Cite your references properly consistent with APA guidelines. A certificate of originality should be submitted with your paper. Please name the paper with your full last name followed by â€Å"week2 5-20-14 by 6pm 10 Learning Team Policy Analysis II Paper Prepare a 1,400-2,100-word paper in which you conduct secondary research on the policies of two components of the criminal justice system and describe how these policies affect the operations and decision-making process of the selected two components. Be sure to summarize the policies and analyze their implications for the criminal justice system, including potential effectiveness and limitations. For example, some prosecutor’s offices may have an unwritten policy of avoiding prosecution for possession of small amounts of drugs. How does this affect police operations, arrest rates, and public perceptions of the police? Prepare a 7-10 minute presentation of your paper for class. Properly cite your references consistent with APA guidelines. A certificate of originality should be submitted with your paper along with a learning team evaluation form from each team member. Also go to the learning team  forum and acknowledge your participation. Your assignment WILL NOT be considered complete without all team members finishing these details. Please name the paper with your Learning Group name followed by â€Å"week2†. 5-20-14 by 6pm 10 Week Three: Effective and Ineffective Policy Making in Response to Crime Details Due Points Objectives 3 3.1 Analyze effective and ineffective criminal justice initiatives at the local, state, and federal levels that have had historical significance. 3.2 Discuss goals in the criminal justice system that policy attempts to achieve. Readings Read this week’s Read Me First. Read Ch. 4, 5, 7, & 9 of The Public Policy of Crime and Criminal Justice. Read this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings. 5-27-14 by 6pm Participation Participate in class discussion. 5-27-14 in class 4 Discussion Questions Respond to weekly discussion questions (Listed at the end of the syllabus). n/a n/a Learning Team Instructions Review this week’s objectives and discuss additional insights and questions that may have arisen. Submit the appropriate completed sections of your Learning Team Logs. Prepare your Learning Team Log. Review the Learning Team Assignment: Budget and Policy Paper. 5-27-14 by 6pm Individual Policy Analysis III—Compare and Contrast Paper Select a policy to analyze. Then, prepare a 1,050- to 1,750-word paper in which you summarize the policy to include how aspects of the conflict and crime control model AND the consensus and due process model impact the effectiveness and/or relevance of the policy. OR, you may compare/contrast two policies, one that illustrates the conflict and crime control model and the other impacted by the consensus and due process model. Be prepared to make a 3-5 minute presentation in class. Address the following questions: Describe the policy/s What role does law enforcement play in these policies? What roles do the prosecutor and courts play in these policies? What role does corrections play in these policies? Is there a difference between federal application and state and local application of policies? Identify elements of both models. What is your opinion of the various policies? Explain in detail How can we measure the effectiveness of these policies? Cite your references properly consistent with APA guidelines. A certificate of originality should be submitted with your paper. Please name the paper with your full last name followed by â€Å"week3†. 5-27-14 by 6pm 10 Learning Team Historical Policy Comparison Prepare a 1050-1400-word paper in which you conduct a comparative analysis of the evolution of criminal justice policy over the last 50 years for each of the three areas in criminal justice. In your comparative analysis address  the areas of policing, the courts, and corrections and identify the various opportunities for cooperation between elements of the criminal justice system in the implementation of criminal justice policy? Examples include the evolution of DUI enforcement, the evolution of the use of forensic evidence (trace evidence, DNA), the evolution of witness identification, or the evolution of sex crimes enforcement and punishment) Prepare a 7-10 minute team presentation to be given in class. Cite your references properly consistent with APA guidelines. A certificate of originality should be submitted with your paper along with a learning team evaluation form from each team member. Also go to the learning team forum and acknowledge your participation. Your assignment WILL NOT be considered complete without all team members finishing these details. Please name the paper with your Learning Group name followed by â€Å"week3†. 5-27-14 by 6pm 10 Week Four: Political Impacts upon Criminal Justice Policy Details Due Points Objectives 4 4.1 Determine the impact of politics on the budgetary process. 4 .2 Evaluate the relationship between fiscal resources and the development and implementation of criminal justice policy. Readings Read this week’s Read Me First. Read Ch. 6 of Public Policy Analysis – An Introduction. Read this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings Participation Participate in class discussion. 6-3-14 in class 4 Discussion Questions Respond to weekly discussion questions (Listed at the end of the syllabus). n/a n/a Learning Team Instructions Review this week’s objectives and discuss additional insights and questions that may have arisen. Submit the appropriate completed sections of your Learning Team Logs. Prepare your Learning Team Log. 6-3-14 by 6pm Learning Team Budget and Policy Paper Select a policy issue from the following list: DUI task forces Plea bargaining Offender reentry/integration Victim assistance Immigration War on drugs War on terrorism Prepare a 1,400-1,750-word paper in which you: Summarize the goals in the criminal justice system that your selected policy attempts to achieve. Analyze the effective and ineffective initiatives associated with your selected policy Identify any historical significance that may have impact. Cite your references properly consistent with APA guidelines. A certificate of originality should be submitted with your paper along with a learning team evaluation form from each team member. Also go to the learning team forum and acknowledge your participation. Your assignment WILL NOT be  considered complete without all team members finishing these details. Please name the paper with your Learning Group name followed by â€Å"week4†. 6-3-14 by 6pm 10 Week Five: Globalization of Criminal Justice Policy Details Due Points Objectives 5 5.1 Explain the globalization of criminal justice policy in relationship to contemporary issues. 5.2 Predict the effects of globalization on the development of criminal justice policy in the future. Readings Read this week’s Read Me First. Read Ch. 4 of Public Policy Analysis – An Introduction. Read this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings. 6-10-14 by 6pm Participation Participate in class discussion. 6-10-14 in class 4 Discussion Questions Respond to weekly discussion questions (Listed at the end of the syllabus). 6-10-14 by 6pm n/a Learning Team Instructions Submit your Learning Team Log. Submit your Learning Team Evaluation. Each team member must submit a separate copy to the instructor. 6-10-14 by 6pm Individual Policy Development Paper Select one of the following topics for your paper in which you will develop your own policy to address your chosen issue: Community-Oriented Policing Terrorism–Security Policy for Large Events Leave Policy for officers to work with governments in foreign countries Domestic Violence Policy Elder Abuse Policy Human Trafficking Policy Sex Trafficking Organized Crime Policy Cyberspace/Technology Policy Educational and Training Policy for officers, mid-level managers and executives Reducing prison overcrowding Prepare a 2,100-2,800- word paper in which you research the relevant statistics, facts, resources, and public opinions to develop your own local, statewide, or federal policy recommendation related to the topic you selected. Be prepared to make a7-10 minute presentation on your paper, to include a PowerPoint, outlining your paper and its significant policy recommendation. (If you have a topic in mind that isn’t listed consult your instructor.) You must Include: Your specific identified policy recommendation/s and/or proposal – what is it, and is it city, state, federal? What is the rationale for the proposal or recommendation – why is it relevant and important? What is the impact on contemporary criminal justice issues? What will the impact be in the context of globalization? Your stakeholders and their positions and opinions (politicians judges, prosecutors and defense attorneys, correctional officers, law enforcement  officers/administrators, victims, advocates, and many others) Statistical, factual, public opinion and historical information, which supports your policy claim Obstacles and support for your policy Politics that may impact your policy and how you might address this Cite your references properly consistent with APA guidelines. A certificate of originality should be submitted with your paper. Please name the paper with your last name followed by â€Å"week5†. Note. In addition to the University Library, the National Criminal Justice Reference Service has many articles reflecting contemporary criminal justice policies. http://www.ncjrs.gov 6-10-14 by 6pm 20 14 points on the paper, 6 points on the PP presentation Optional Discussion Questions Week One Discussion Questions What are the steps of developing a policy within the criminal justice arena? How does the United States constitution impact the development of criminal justice policy? Is there a better way in which policy can be developed? Explain. What is the role of state government in criminal justice policy development and implementation? How does the role of the federal government differ from that of state government? What changes would you recommend that would improve the overall process of criminal justice policy development and implementation? What is a legislatively based policy? What is an administrative regulatory policy? How do these various policies impact the criminal justice system?  Compare and contrast the criteria for these two policy types and their impact within the criminal justice system. Explain your answer. What are the rights of the accused? How are these rights affected with regard to the policy mission of protecting the public? What would happen if these rights were not upheld? Explain. What items affect the development criminal justice policy? How are these items addressed and overcome during the development process? What changes to the process would you recommend to improve policy development. Week Two Discussion Questions What is an example of a policy within the courts, police, and corrections at the state level? What is the difference between policy among the courts, police, and corrections at the federal level? Is there a better solution to the way in which these groups approach policy development at a state and/or federal level? Explain. What is the historical evolution of policy within the criminal justice system? How has the approach to policy within the criminal justice system changed over the last 50 years? Compare and contrast the criteria of early criminal justice policy and current criminal justice policy. What is the definition of policy implementation? How can policy implementation improve for better cooperation within the various elements of the criminal justice system? What opportunities for improvement would you recommend for successful policy implementation? Week Three Discussion Questions What are effective criminal justice initiatives at the state level? What are effective criminal justice initiatives at the federal level? How have historical initiatives impacted the criminal justice system currently? Is there a better way to improve criminal justice initiatives at the local,  state, and federal levels? Explain? What are the goals of policy within the criminal justice system? How do these goals contribute to success? How can the goals of a policy be improved to be more effective? Explain. Week Four Discussion Questions What is an example of politics as it relates to budgetary initiatives in criminal justice? How do politics impact budgetary processes? What would happen if politics were more/less involved in the process? Explain. What resources are associated with criminal justice policy development? How do these resources impact the development of criminal justice policy development? How can we improve the relationship between fiscal resources and the development/implementation of criminal justice policy? What are your recommendations? Week Five Discussion Questions What is the impact of globalization on criminal justice policy? How does this affect the development of criminal justice policy? What changes to global criminal justice policy would you suggest/recommend? What are current/contemporary issues that affect criminal justice policy? How do these issues relate to the overall development/implementation of policy? What would happen if globalization wasn’t considered when developing/implementing criminal justice policy? Explain.

Free Essays on Working And Non-working Students

Working and Non-working Students â€Å"Working and not working†¦ Very different or not really?† This is one example of the questions we ask ourselves when referring to one of the many discussed subjects related with education: the difference between working and non-working students to finance their own education. Though, I’ll limit myself on focusing only on three differences. Students who work to finance their education differ from the ones who don’t in studying, when it comes to availability, concentration, and economic situation. Students who work to finance their education don’t have as much time to study as students who don’t. Working students have more limited free hours. For example, back in Portugal where I used to live, I had a friend who worked many hours so she’d always be late for classes; consequently, besides not having all the notes, it was difficult for her to catch up because of the lack of time. Another example of the way working limits the time availability is how whenever I called this friend of mine to go out and spend some time with her, by going to the movies, walk on the park or even just go to the coffee shop in the same street in front of her five floors building where she lived to have some â€Å"girl talk† and the chocolate round and with sprinkles cake that she loved so much or ice-cream, she could never go. On the phone by the sound of her low, tired, and calm voice, I could perceive how much she really wanted to go out with me, but couldn’t becaus e she had to study or was possibly working at the time. On the other hand, students who don’t work to finance their education have more and enough time to study. For instance, I don’t work to finance my education and that gives me enough time to organize my study material, clarify my questions that I might have and be well prepared for tests. Furthermore, I remember when I was in Portugal last year I used to have classes every day from 8:00 a.m... Free Essays on Working And Non-working Students Free Essays on Working And Non-working Students Working and Non-working Students â€Å"Working and not working†¦ Very different or not really?† This is one example of the questions we ask ourselves when referring to one of the many discussed subjects related with education: the difference between working and non-working students to finance their own education. Though, I’ll limit myself on focusing only on three differences. Students who work to finance their education differ from the ones who don’t in studying, when it comes to availability, concentration, and economic situation. Students who work to finance their education don’t have as much time to study as students who don’t. Working students have more limited free hours. For example, back in Portugal where I used to live, I had a friend who worked many hours so she’d always be late for classes; consequently, besides not having all the notes, it was difficult for her to catch up because of the lack of time. Another example of the way working limits the time availability is how whenever I called this friend of mine to go out and spend some time with her, by going to the movies, walk on the park or even just go to the coffee shop in the same street in front of her five floors building where she lived to have some â€Å"girl talk† and the chocolate round and with sprinkles cake that she loved so much or ice-cream, she could never go. On the phone by the sound of her low, tired, and calm voice, I could perceive how much she really wanted to go out with me, but couldn’t becaus e she had to study or was possibly working at the time. On the other hand, students who don’t work to finance their education have more and enough time to study. For instance, I don’t work to finance my education and that gives me enough time to organize my study material, clarify my questions that I might have and be well prepared for tests. Furthermore, I remember when I was in Portugal last year I used to have classes every day from 8:00 a.m...

95 Essays - Rationalists, Epistemology

Descartes Vs. Berkeley 03/05/95 Essays - Rationalists, Epistemology Descartes vs. Berkeley 03/05/95 In Descartes' First Meditation, Descartes writes that he has come to the conclusion that many of the opinions he held in his youth are doubtful, and consequently all ideas built upon those opinions are also doubtful. He deduces that he will have to disprove his current opinions and then construct a new foundation of knowledge if he wants to establish anything firm and lasting in the sciences that is absolutely true. But rather than disprove each of his opinions individually, Descartes attacks the principles that support everything he believes with his Method of Doubt. The Method of Doubt is Descartes' method of fundamental questioning in which he doubts everything that there is the slightest reason to doubt. It should be mentioned that Descartes does not necessarily believe that everything he doubts is true. He does believe, however, that whatever can not be doubted for the slightest reason must be true. Descartes spends Meditation One trying to disprove his fundamental beliefs. First, Descartes doubts that his senses are generally trustworthy because they are occasionally deceitful (eg. a square tower may look round from far away). Also, because he realizes that there are no definitive signs for him to distinguish being awake from being asleep, he concludes that he can not trust his judgement to tell him whether he is awake or asleep. But asleep or awake, arithmetic operations still yield the same answer and the self-preservation instinct still holds. To disprove these, Descartes abandons the idea of a supremely good God like he has believed in all his life and supposes an evil genius, all-powerful and all-clever, who has directed his entire effort at deceiving Descartes by putting ideas into Descartes' head. With these three main doubts, each progressively more broad, Descartes finally is satisfied that he has sufficiently disproved his previous opinions. He now is ready to build a new foundation of knowledge of a physical world (the real world) based on what must absolutely be true. Berkeley, however, would argue that Descartes is wasting his time by trying to discover what must be absolutely true in the real world. In his Dialogue One, Berkeley argues that there is no real world, and that all sensible objects (those which can be immediately perceived) exist only in the mind. He starts by proving that secondary (extrinsic) qualities exist only in the mind by use of the Relativity of Perception Argument. As an example, Berkeley writes that if you make one of your hands hot and the other cold, and put them into a vessel of water, the water will seem cold to one hand and warm to the other. Since the water can not be warm and cold at the same time, it must follow that heat (a secondary quality) must only exist in the mind. Berkeley also uses the qualities of taste, sound, and color as examples to prove that all secondary qualities must reside in the mind. However, Berkeley also says the same argument can be applied to primary (intrinsic) qualities. He writes that to a mite, his own foot might seem a considerable dimension, but to smaller creatures, that same foot might seem very large. Since an object can not be different sizes at the same time, it follows that extension must exist only in the mind. Further, since all other primary characteristics can not be separated from extension, they too must exist only in the mind. An interesting aspect of Descartes' Dualistic view and Berkeley's Idealistic view is the necessity of God. Descartes needs an all-good non-deceiving God to insure that the ideas of primary qualities of objects he perceives in his mind accurately represent those qualities of objects in the external world. In the Third Meditation, Descartes says that God is infinite and finite is the lack of infinite. Infinite, he says, is NOT the lack of finite. Since our concept of the infinite could not have come from the concept of the finite (since infinite is not the lack of finite), the idea of infinite could only have come from God. This proof is shaky at best. Berkeley, on the other hand, needs God to give us the ideas of the objects we see since there is no physical world to draw those ideas from through the senses. But rather than proving God to prove his philosophy, Berkeley uses his philosophy as the proof of God's existence. In his Second Dialogue, Berkeley says God must exist to put the same real ideas into everybody's minds because minds cannot interact directly. However, if it were the case that God did

Marx and Capitalism. Why and how does Marx think Capitalism is bound Essay

Marx and Capitalism. Why and how does Marx think Capitalism is bound to collapse - Essay Example Rising unemployment levels, recurring layoffs, tumultuous stock booms and corporate scandals are indicative of the economic crises that would reach sufficient proportions to cause a collapse of capitalism. One must therefore look into the contradictions and sources of instability in this system to understand why capitalism will eventually fail. Karl Marx’s understanding of the collapse of capitalism The views of several contemporary and traditional economists were substantially different from Karl’s Marx’s ideas. Most economists, including prominent ones like Adam Smith, felt that free market economics and hence capitalism was a given fact. They presumed that it emanated from man’s propensity to exchange goods and services. Also, these economists focused on the interaction between man and products rather than between the market participants themselves. Wage labour as well as its relation to capital was the key concern for Marx. He felt that it was more cri tical to study the relationship between people who participated in these systems. In conventional economics, a millionaire who purchased a loaf of bread was treated in the same way as a simple wage labourer. Furthermore, the person selling the item was nothing more than a trader. However, Marx challenged this thinking by showing that people were not equals in capitalist markets. The rich and the poor had different relations to capital and wage labour (Marx and Engels, 1997). Therefore, contradictions arose in this process, yet they were ignored by predominant economists. Karl Marx acknowledged that capitalism perpetuates poverty and inequality. However, these were not sufficient ingredients to lead to its end. Instead, he stated that the cyclical and frequent economic crises that occurred in the capitalist system could lead to an unstable and insecure environment. Workers would lose confidence in their methods of earning a living because the system in which they worked constantly th reatened to make them superfluous. The antagonism that would arise from that situation would lead to a state of anarchy. In other words, economic crises that are inevitable in capitalism cannot guarantee workers even the miniscule amounts to which they were entitled. Such problems would cause a breakdown in world systems. Capitalism does not just affect workers alone; it also has an impact on owners of capital too. The bourgeoisie are in a war for survival; they are fighting against themselves as well as against the proletariat. For this reason, when minor economic crises occur, they can lead to a war as well as an increase in class struggles between the two groups. The possibility of a revolution thus arises because of these crises. Marx did not believe that the revolution was expected, but that it was a possibility that workers could embrace in their response. For a revolution to occur, it is not sufficient for the oppressed to be unable to sustain their living conditions. The upp er classes must also be unable to maintain their old system of governance. Since instability affects both parties, then it is likely that it will lead to a collapse. In order to understand Marx’s prediction of collapse in capitalism, it is critical to understand how crises occur in the first place. The theorist explained that owners of capital had one sole aim when conducting business and this was to accumulate more capital. It was not that they were greedy for money; however, they needed to accumulate more capital in order to beat their rivals. In capitalism, a manufacturer often uses their money to purchase resources in order to create goods. This person would not be able to produce those goods if they lacked vast finances to begin with. Once these individuals make

ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS - Assignment Example The major advantage of using these energy sources is that they are not dangerous to the environment. 2. The use of renewable energy is relevant to Canada since it is also negatively impacted by forces such as environmental degradation particularly global warming as a result of the actions of people. The government in Canada can formulate policies that are oriented towards promoting the use of renewable energy such as solar power to replace fossil fuels that are responsible for causing global warming. Such policies can also enlighten the people in Canada about the importance of protecting the environment through minimising the amount of carbon foot print emitted into the atmosphere. 3. There have been major strides taken both at regional and international level with regards to policy formulation towards the aspect of environmental protection. For instance, the European Union has taken some steps directed towards the protection of the environment. The Lisbon Treaty is a good example that shows the region’s commitment to promoting a safe environment for all. However, policy formulation with regards to environmental protection should be of international nature since geographical boundaries are of little significance in terms of addressing this global problem. There should be consensus among all the countries across the globe about the correct course of action that can be taken in order to address the environmental problems caused by the use of different forms of energy particularly fossil fuels. 4. From my own perspective, I would recommend that governments in different regions adopt policies that are oriented towards the use of renewable energy since it is friendly to the environment. Such policies should be adopted at international level. I would also recommend that the government undertake campaigns that are meant to enlighten the people about the benefits of using renewable energy. Some people lack information about the advantages of using renewable